1.I think that vegetables are good food because they contain lots of vitamins.

我以為蔬菜是很好的食物,因為它們含有豐富的維生素。

contain vt. vi 包含,包括,能容納；忍住， 抑制。不用于進行時。

Beer contains alcohol.

啤酒含有酒精。

The speech contained some interesting ideas.

這個講演包括一些有趣的思想。

At the sight of this cruelty , he could hardly contain his anger.

見此殘暴情形， 他無法克制自己的憤怒。

5.Take this medicine three times a day.

服這種藥每天三次。

1) medicine藥, 醫學, 內科學, 內服藥

take medicine 服藥

A person who wants to become a doctor has to study medicine.

一個想當醫生的人得學習醫學。

A good medicine tastes bitter.

良藥苦口(忠言逆耳)。

2）time n. “次”,“度”。 一次 once 兩次 twice

three times a month 每月三次。

four times a year 每年四次。

twice a week 每周兩次。

He has been to London three times .

他曾去過倫敦三次。

How many times did you see movie？

那部電影你看了幾遍？

6.And I advise you not to eat fruit that isn't ripe in the future.

我建議你今后不要吃不成熟的水果。

advise vt. Vi. 勸告,建議。后跟動詞的-ing形式作賓語或動詞不定式的復合結構。

跟從句時，從句中用should + 動詞原形。

I shall act as you advise.

我將按你的忠告去做。

The doctor advised me to take more exercise.

醫生囑咐我多加鍛煉。

They advised that we should ripe fruit.

他們建議我們吃成熟的水果。

Reading

6. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.

1) No longer = not … any longer

指時間和狀態不再延續，常與延續性動詞連用。

No more = not… any more

指強調數量，次數不再增加和動作終止的結果，常與名詞或瞬間動詞連用。

China is no longer what it used to be .

= china is not what it used be any longer.

He wanted no more money from his parents.

= he didn’t want any more money from his parents.

2) what to eat 是疑問句+ 不定式的結構，在句中作賓語，另外這一結構也可作主語、表語、定語等。

What to do next hasn’t been decided yet.(主語)

I don’t know whether to answer it.（賓語）

The question is how to put it into practice.（表語）

They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.（介詞賓語）

The key with which to open the door has been lost.（定語）

注： 這種結構含有情態意義，它相當于一個帶should 的從句。

I can’t decided which sweater to buy

= I can’t decide which sweater I should buy.

3) once 用法回顧

adv. 曾經、昔日 ( at some time in the past)

he once knew her, but they are no longer friends.

Adv. 一次 （one time ）

We have been there only once.

Conj. 一旦 （if ever）

Once you begin, you must continue.

注： once 引導的從句經�？梢圆捎檬÷孕问�。

Once ( he is )there ,he is lost.

Once opened, the food must be eaten up within three days.

7.Our eating habits have changed ,as has our way of life.

我們的飲食習慣改變了，正如我們的生活方式。

as此處用作代詞,“如......一樣" 承接前句內容。

As的用法較多，常見如下：

1）。當連詞用，指“象, 按照, 如同；當..., 的時候 , 一邊...一邊, 隨著；因為, 既然；以致于, 以便；雖然, 盡管”等。

Leave it as it is.

保持原狀, 不要動它。

She sang as she worked.

她一邊工作一邊唱歌。

I saw him as he was getting off the bus.

正當他下公共汽車時, 我看見了他。

As a child, he lived in America.

他小時候住在美國。

You will grow wiser as you grow older.

隨著你年齡的增長, 你會變得更聰明。

As you are tired, you had better rest.

(既然)你累了, 最好休息一下。

Be so good s to come and join us.

務請來參加我們的活動。

Try As he would, he could not lift the rock.

他雖然盡了最大努力, 仍不能搬動那塊石頭。

2）。 用作代詞，指“這一點”，也用在 such...as; the same... as 結構中罷，表示“象...一樣”。

as is well known 眾所周知

The statement reads in full As follows:

聲明全文如下:

3） 用作介詞，指“作為, 當作, 擔任”

He worked as a teacher.

他當教師。

As a work of art it is very poor.

作為藝術品這是十分拙劣的。

8. Traditional diets often have too much fat and too many calories for the 21st-century person..

1) diet 既可作可數名詞，又可以作不可數名詞，

8.If we want to keep up with the high pace of modern life,we had better learn to make the right choices about what and how we eat.

如果我們想要跟上現代生活的步伐，我們最好學會正確選擇吃什么以及怎樣吃 1)keep up with 跟上, 不落在......后面。

Don't run - I can't keep up with you.

別跑了，我趕不上你了。

Are wages keeping up with inflation?

工資跟得上通貨膨脹嗎？

2）pace n . 步速 ，步調；一步；步幅;（工作等的）速度

go at a good /fast/slow pace 快速/慢步前進

keep pace（常與with連用）跟上，與…同步；并駕齊驅

I stepped back a pace or two .

我向后退一兩步 。

The fence is only ten paces from the house.

圍墻離屋子只有十步遠。

A policeman with plain clothes stood a dozen paces behind me watching me.

"一個穿便衣的警察站在我后面十幾步遠的地方,監視著我。"

pace 還可以用作動詞，指“慢慢地走；踱步”。例如：

The lion paced the floor of its cage.

獅子在籠里踱來踱去。

He paced the room.

他在房間里踱來踱去。

9.Many people today make choices about their eating habits based on what they believe .

如今許多做出的選擇是建立在他們所相信的飲食習慣基礎上的。

1) choice n.挑選；選擇；抉擇; 入選者；被選中的人或物

make a choice = take a choice 做出選擇

have no choice but[后跟動詞不定式]非...不可, 除...之外別無他法

She had to make a choice between the two dresses.

她得在兩件衣服中選擇一件。

She is the people's choice for Prime Minister.

她是人民選出來的首相。

Which is your choice?

你選哪一個?

2)base 可以當名詞使用，指“底；基礎; 基地；本部”。例如：

A bottle has a flat base.

瓶子有一個平的底。

That company has offices all over the world, but their base is in Paris.

這個公司的辦事處遍布全世界，但本部在巴黎。

base也用作動詞 ，（與on, upon連用）表示“以...為基礎,把...基礎放在... ”。

Advertisements based on these facts have been printed in newspapers and magazines but have not helped much.

根據這些情況擬定的廣告詞登載在報紙和雜志上,但是效果不大。

One should always base one's opinions on facts.

意見應以事實為根據。

10.Eating habits become part of who we are; people become vegetarians either because they believe it is healthier not to eat meat or because they do not think we should kill animals for food.

飲食習慣已成為我們的一部分；人們成為素食者部分因為他們相信不吃肉更健康，或者因為他們認為我們不應該獵殺動物做食物。

1)part與of連用時,指全體中不特定的部分,通常不加冠詞. 用part of...作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數取決于of后面的名詞,名詞是單數,謂語動詞用單數；否則用復數。

Part of the city was destroyed in the earthquake.

這座城市有一部分在地震中被毀。

Parts of the books have been given out to students.

有部分書籍已發到學生手中。

2）either...or... 或者...或者 ;并列連詞,類似的有: neither...nor...; not only...but also ; both...and .可以引導并列的主語、賓語、狀語等等。

You can either do it by yourself ,or ask someone else to do it.

你可以(或者)親自做,或者叫其它人做。

Either you or I am to blame.

要么是你受責備，要么是我受責備。

Neither you nor he is wrong.

你不錯，他也不錯。

They can both read English and speak it well.

他們不但會讀英語而且說得也很好。

11.Organic vegetables are vegetables that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings and the environment.

綠色蔬菜指的是不含化學農藥的蔬菜，而那些化學藥物對人類及環境是有害的。

此句中含有兩個定語從句。第一個that引導的定語從句修飾先行詞vegetables。

第二個that引導的定語從句修飾先行詞chemicals。

be harmful to 對...有害

Your smoking can be harmful to the health of your children.

你吸煙會危害到你小孩的健康。

harm既是動詞又是名詞，指“傷害；損害；危害；對...有害處”。例如：

do sb/sth harm=do harm to sb/sth傷害...危害...

Did the storm do any harm to the corn?

風暴損害莊稼了沒有？

The child fell over but came to no harm.

小孩跌倒了，可是沒傷著。

I mean no harm to her.

我對她并無惡意。

I have never harmed anybody.

我從未傷害過任何人。 12.Instead of eating expensive diet foods or going on unhealthy diet, we can simply try to eat less fat and sugar and exercises more.

我們可以少吃脂肪和糖，堅持多鍛煉，而不要吃昂貴的減肥食品或繼續不健康的飲食。

Exercise 指“運動, 訓練, 鍛煉；練習；”，可用作動詞或名詞。

morning exercise 早操 eye exercise 眼保健操

The exercises are mostly translation exercises.

練習大部分是翻譯練習。

Here is a special set of exercises which will strengthen your back muscles.

"這是一套專用體操,會使你的背部肌肉更強壯。"

Your weight is increasing, you should exercise more.

你越來越發胖, 應該多運動。

13.We ought to learn more about our body and the fuel it needs so that we can make sure that we're well prepared for the challenges and opportunities in life.

對于我們的身體以及身體所需的燃料,我們應該了解更多.這樣我們充分做好準備,迎接生活中的挑戰和機遇。

此句構成復雜。so that 引導目的狀語，前面三句中it needs 是定語從句，修飾先行詞the fuel。在后面的目的狀語從句中that引導賓語從句。

1）make sure “確定，查明”或“確定，“務必...”，后跟of短語或that從句。

Go to the train station and make sure that every one of us will get a ticket.

你到火車站去一下，確保給我們每人都買到票。

2）prepare vt.vi 指“準備，配制；調制；配藥 ；使有備；制訂；布置”等。

I prepared the ground for the seeds.

我整理好土地準備播種。

Working on a part-time basis can prepare them for a future career.

打工為大學生將來的工作作好準備。

Will you help me prepare for the get-together of the old classmates?

你能否幫我為這次老同學聚會做好準備工作?

We must be prepared for all contingencies.

"我們要作好各種準備,以防意外。"

The team prepared themselves for defeat / to accept defeat.

這個隊心理上做好了接受失敗的準備。

情態動詞（-）

情態動詞有：can (could ),may(might),must, have to, shall (should), will(would), need, dare(dared), ought to, had better等。

情態動詞無人稱和數的變化，不能獨立使用；它與后面的動詞原形構成謂語。下面主要講情態動詞 had better ,should ，ought to的用法。

1）had better 意為“最好”，后接不帶to的不定式。

----- We’d better go now .

----- Yes, we'd better.

我們最好現在走。

是的，我們最好現在走。

Hadn’t we better stop now？

難道我們現在還不最好停下來嗎？

You’d better have done that. 你最好已經做了那件事。（用于完成態，表示完成動作）。

You’d better...,用于同輩或晚輩,一般不可用于對長輩。

2）should 表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問句中，通常用should代替 ought to。

Should I open the window ？

我們把窗戶打開嗎？

You should go to school right away.你應該馬上上學。

（1）should用于第一人稱時,可以表示說話人的委婉,客氣的語氣。

I should say you’re mistaken.

依我看，你是搞錯了。

（2）should用于if引導的條件句中,表示某件事可能性很小,但也不是完全沒可能,相當于“萬一”。

If I should be free tomorrow, I will come.

萬一我明天有時間,我就來。

（3）why /how+ should 表示談話人對某事不能理解，感到意外等。意為“竟會”。

Why should you be so late today ？

你今天怎么來得這么晚？

（4）should+ have + 過去分詞。表示應該做而事實上沒有做到。

shouldn't + have + 過去分詞,表示不應該做某事而事實上已經做了。

You should have started earlier.

你應該早點出發。

3）ought to的用法

（1）表示“應該”

You ought to listen to the teacher carefully.

你應該仔細聽老師講。

（2）表示“推測”往往比較含蓄，不十分肯定。must則比較肯定直率。

He ought to be home by now.

他現在應該到家了。

He must be home by now.

他現在一定到家了。

（3）ought to + have+ 過去分詞，表示過去應該做某事而實際沒做。

You ought to have help him

= You should have helped him .

你本應該幫助他的。

注：在美國英語中,ought to 用于否定句和疑問句時,to可以省略。

Ought you (to)smoke so much ?

你該抽這么多煙嗎？

You oughtn’t（to）smoke so much.你不該抽這么多煙。