Warming up
1. infect verb [vn] ~ sb/sth (with sth) 感染, 沾染上
It is not possible to infect another person through kissing. 接吻不可能把這種疾病傳染給其他人。 people infected with HIV 感染愛滋病毒的人
Mary's high spirits infected all the girls in the class. 瑪麗振奮的精神感染了班上所有的女孩子。
All the tomato plants are infected with a virus. 所有的西紅柿植物都感染上了一種病毒。
Infected 感染病毒的， infection n. 傳染，感染； infectious adj. 傳染性的，感染的
an infected water supply 受污染的水系統；to be exposed to infection 暴露于易受感染的環境 an ear / throat, etc. infection 耳部/喉部感染
2. by swimming 通過游泳
相關詞組：by accident=by chance 偶然地；by means of 借助，靠；by turns 輪流；by mistake 由于疏忽；by no means 決不
3. Live with 和。。。住在一起；忍受
As a boy, he lived with his parents but now he has his own house. 小時侯，他與父母一起住，現在有了自己的家了。
I can’t change the situation so I’m going to have to learn to live with it. 我無法改變形式，因此我不得不學著去忍受。
相關詞組：live by 以…為生 ；live on 以…為主食
4. get tested for HIV進行艾滋病毒檢測
get/be lost 迷路； get/be married 結婚； get/be separated 分離； get/be injured 受傷
5. via a 經由，經過（through a place） We flew home via Dubai. 我們乘飛機經迪拜回國。
b 通過，憑借（ by means of a particular person, system, etc）
I heard about the sale via Jane. 我從簡那里知道了大減價。
The news program came to us via satellite. 新聞節目是通過衛星傳送到這里來的。
Listening Part 2
6. take/make notes of 記下，記錄
take note of注意到；將。。。銘記在心 take note of what he says. 牢記他說的話。
take no notice of沒注意到
Reading
7. be born dying 天生快要死去
be born+adj/n be born a musician/a poet=a born musician/poet天生的音樂家/詩人
Para 2
8．AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses. 艾滋病是一種破壞人的免疫系統，使人體對感染疾病沒有抵抗能力的疾病。
break down意為： 打倒；破壞； 把。。。分類，劃分； 使分解為。。。。。出故障；崩潰；如：
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances. 人體中的化學元素把食物分解成有用的物質。
The robbers broke the door down.強盜把門砸開了。
The peace talks are said to have broken down.據說和談破裂了。
The car broke down halfway to the camp.車子在去營地的半路上拋錨了。
break的相關短語：
break the law 犯法 break out (戰爭、災害)突然爆發
break into 破門而入 break up 打碎；拆散；(物理)分解
break the silence 打破沉寂 break in 打斷(談話)；突然闖入
break through 突破
break away from 擺脫(束縛)；克服(習慣)；脫離(政府)
break up 粉碎，破碎，結束，散開，解散，break sth up 拆開，打散，結束（關系等）關閉，
這里leave是使役動詞，意為“留下/使……處于某種狀態”，后接形容詞、副詞、分詞作賓語補足語。如：
The window was left open. 窗子開著。
They went back home, leaving the work unfinished. 他們撂下未完成的工作回家了。
9. help (to)keep
相關詞組：can’t help doing 忍不住干…can’t help to do sth不能幫忙做某事can’t help but do不得不干help sb with sth幫某人干help oneself to sth隨便，自取…with the help of sb 在某人的幫助下
10. living, alive, live, lively用法辨析：
①living表示“活著的；逼真的”，指人或物，在句中作表語或前置定語。如：
A living language should be learned orally. 一種活的語言應該通過口語來學習。
Shelly was still living when Keats died. 濟慈死時，雪萊還活著。
He's the living image of his father. 他跟他父親長得一模一樣。
②alive多用作表語后置定語或賓語補足語，多用于人，表示“活著的；活的”。如：
Is she still alive? 她還活著嗎？
They are the happiest children alive. 他們是當代最幸福的孩子。
An enemy officer was caught alive. 一名敵軍官被活捉了。
③live作形容詞時讀作\[laiv\], 只用于物，作定語，表示“活的；活著的”、“現場直播的”。如：
This is a live fish. 這是一條活魚。
It was a live broadcast, not a recording. 那是實況廣播，不是錄音廣播。
alive亦可表示“（傳統，習俗，機構）仍然存在著”的意思。如：
It was your way of keeping your marriage alive. 這是你保持婚姻不崩潰的辦法。
(7)Ancient traditions are still very much alive in rural areas. 傳統的習俗在農村地區仍很流行。
④lively讀作[laivli]，在句中作表語或定語，表示“有生氣的”、“活潑的”、“生動的”。如：
He has lively imagination. 他有豐富的想象力。
What lively colours! 多么鮮明的色彩。
He gave a lively description of the football game. 他對這場足球賽進行了生動的描述。
11. survive vi. 存活，生存 vt. 幸存，挺過 比。。。活得長
Para 3
12. People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV. 感染了HIV之后就會得愛滋病。
這里having been done 是動名詞被動式的完成式。表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
I apologize for having made such a terrible mistake. I regret not having told her the truth.
The man in the corner confessed to ____a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told B be told C being told D having told
13. 動詞contract的用法
▲動詞contract在本課中作“染有（壞習慣等）”“染上（疾病）”“負債”解釋。如：
He contracted an awful stomach complaint while he was traveling. 他旅游時患了嚴重的胃病。
He contracted huge debts by buying luxuries he could not afford. 他因購買買不起的奢侈品而債臺高筑。
▲contract可作“訂合同”“訂契約”解釋
The city council has contracted with White Company for the new library. 市政會已與懷特公司立約，由其承建這座新圖書館。
The builders have contracted for three new bridges this year. 建設者立約承建三座新橋。
▲contract的原意是“收縮”“縮小”。如：
Iron contracts as it gets cooler. 鐵冷卻時收縮。
Our business has contracted a lot recently. 我們的買賣最近萎縮了不少。
14. wish 引導的從句中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
一）、對現在情況的虛擬（與現在的事實相反）：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道這個答案。
I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家鄉四季如春。
I wish I were a bird但愿我是只小鳥。
二）、對過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實相反）：
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。
1. I wish I hadn't wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.他真希望沒有失去機會。
例題分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句，表達不可能實現或與事實相反的情況時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，即用過去式（表示現在發生的動作）或過去完成式（表示過去發生的動作）。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發生的動作。所以, 選項A)could have slept是答案
三）、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：
從句動詞"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后)。 用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining.我希望雨能停止。
2. I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。
3. You wished she would arrive the next day你希望她第二天會到。
4. I wish she would change her mind.我希望她會改變主意。
四）、注意：如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
15. lack一詞的用法
lack在本課中作名詞用，為不可數名詞，后面常跟介詞of。如：
Lack of rest made him tired. 缺乏休息使他疲勞。
I’ve got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep. 我睡眠不足，眼眶都發黑了。
Lack也可以作動詞用，意為“缺乏”“缺少”“沒有”，
I lack words with which to express my thanks. 我找不到話來表達我的謝意。
What you lack is perseverance. 他所缺少的是毅力。
They lacked a clear understanding of the problems. 他們對這問題缺乏清楚的認識。
16. as with 就象如同...的情況一樣,如同...一樣
As with the other production areas in the plant, safety and ecology are very important.
As with credit cards there is usually a 1.5% fee for obtaining cash, but no fee is added for purchases.
As with hiking, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes. 正如遠足一樣，你應該總是想到安全，穿好合適的衣服。
17. available可用到的”、“可利用的”、“有用的”、“接受探訪的”，常與介詞for連用。如：
Is the manager available? 經理在不在？
These tickets are available for one month. 這些票有效期一個月。
I'm sorry, those overcoats are not available in your color and size. 對不起,這種外套沒有你要的顏色和尺碼。
Attention, please. These tickets are available on the day of issue only. 請注意，這種車票僅僅在發售當天有效。
Nowadays there is a lot of information available on the internet. 如今，可到因特網上獲取大量的信息。
18. persuade vt. 說服；勸服；使某人相信(（常與into, to或out of連用）。 （常與convince 換用， 不過persuade 的主要意思為“說服，勸說”； convince 主要意思是“使確信，信服”） 例如：Try to persuade him to let us go with him.試著說服他讓我們跟他一起去。（persuade sb. to do sth.）
I allowed myself to be persuaded into entering the competition. 我擱不住人家的勸說，就參加了比賽。 （persuade sb into (doing ) sth）
It will be difficult to persuade them than there’s no other choice. 很難讓他們相信別無選擇。 （persuade sb that ）
Persuasion(n. ) , persuasive (adj. 有說服力的，令人信服的)
19. as if或as though引導的狀語從句
as if或as though引導方式狀語從句，意為“好像”，在這種狀語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，具體用法是：當從句所述的情況與現在事實相反時，動詞用過去式，與過去事實相反時，用過去完成時。如：
(1)He looks as if he were a football player. 他看上去好像是足球運動員。
(2)He talked about Paris as if he had been there. 他談起巴黎來好像他去過那里。
(3)The room looks as if it had been empty for years. 這房間看上去好幾年沒人住了。
(4)It seem as if it were spring already. 現在仿佛已經是春天了。
(5)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 這一切我記憶猶新，就像是昨天發生的事似的。
(6)He spoke to me as if he were an expert. 他對我講起話來好像是專家似的。
【注】as if(though)從句的動作發生在主句動作之后時，用would+動詞原形。如：
(7)It seems as if it would rain. 天似乎要下雨了。
Para 7
20. 注意這段中存在由that 引導的同位語從句和why 引導的定語從句
Integrating skills
21. Two weeks ago, Dr Richards had asked me a great many questions and taken samples of my blood. 兩周前，Richards 醫生問我許多問題并抽取我的血樣。
a great(good) many相當于many，修飾名詞復數形式，意為“許多；大量”。如：
I have a great many things to do today. 我今天有許多事情要做。
After a great many loud explosions, the race began. 在一連串喧鬧的爆炸聲之后,比賽開始了。
區別：(1) a great deal用作代詞或副詞，在句中作主語或狀語。如：
A great deal has been said on this point. 關于這一點已經說很多了。
They still need a great deal more money to finish the project. 他們還需要一大筆錢來完成這個工程。
(2) a good deal of修飾不可數名詞，意為“許多；大量”。如：
She spends a good deal of her time in Glasgow. 她的大部分時間是在格拉斯哥度過的。
Para 4
22. On the contrary, I now feel as if that was when my life really began. 相反，我現在覺得好像那才是我的生命真正開始之時。
on the contrary意為“與此相反”、“不是……而是”、“反之”。如：
- You must be tired. 你一定很累了。
- On the contrary, I feel wide awake. 相反, 我感覺很清醒。
(1) contrary 用作形容詞，意為“相反的”、“相對的”、“格格不入的”。如：
Contrary to all advice he gave up his job and left for the south. 他不聽任何勸告,放棄工作,去了南方。
Hot and cold are contrary terms. 熱與冷是相反的詞語。
Our sailing boat was delayed by contrary winds. 我們的帆船因逆風耽擱了。
(2) contrary用作名詞，意為“反面”、“反義詞”、“相反的事物”。如：
Cruelty is the contrary of kindness. 殘忍是仁慈的反面。
He is neither tall nor the contrary. 他不高也不矮。
23. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that I will never be completely free from it. 我體內的癌癥暫時被打敗了，但是我知道我永遠不會徹底擺脫它。
for the moment意為“暫時, 目前”，在句中作狀語。如：
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment. 咱們繼續執行目前達成一致的部分吧。
有關moment短語：
in a moment 立刻，立即; for a moment 一會兒；at any moment 隨時；在任何時候；at the last moment 在最后關頭；at the moment 此刻； (正當)那時；the moment 一……就
for the moment, for a moment, at the moment和in a moment
▲for the moment作“暫時”“目前”解釋。如：
Stop discussing for the moment, please. 請暫停討論。
We have to stay in the inn for the moment as the hotels around are full. 由于周圍的旅館都已滿了，我們暫時只能待在小客棧里。
▲for a moment意為“片刻”“一會兒”。如：
For a moment I thought of playing truant. 我一時起了逃學的念頭。
I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name. 我想了一會兒才記起他的名字。
▲at the moment,用于現在時中，意為“此刻”；用于過去時中，意為“那時”。如：
I’m busy at the moment. 我此刻很忙。
Our manager is having an interview with a newspaper reporter at the moment. 我們經理此刻正在接受記者來訪。
▲in a moment意為“立即”“立刻”。如：
You go first. I’ll come in a moment. 你先走，我馬上就來。
It was done in a moment. 一會兒就完成了。
Don’t go away, the bus will start in a moment. 別走開，汽車馬上就要開了。
▲of the moment （人，工作，議題等）紅極一時，盛行一時
She is the fashion designer of the moment. 她是目前最紅的設計師。
be free from 意為“解除；沒有……的”。如：
The old lady is never free from pain. 老婦人一直在受苦。
The secretary was free from all blame for the errors. 這些失誤完全不能怪秘書。
Free 意思很多，請看以下例句：
Please feel free to interrupt me if you don’t understand anything. (無限制的，無約束的)
He gave me free access to his library. (無限制的，無約束的)
The prisoner wished to be free again. (自由的)
All the books were given away free. (免費的)
Free of charge 免費
The doctor will be free in 20 minutes, can you wait that long?(空閑的)
He’s free with his money. (慷慨的，大方的)
用適當的介詞填空：
①Can you wait ____ a moment? ②I'm afraid she's not here ____ the moment.
③This organization is free ____ tax worldwide.
24. Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest. 癌癥使我認識到了生命的可貴，認識到了抓緊時間充實生活的重要性。
（1）Living with cancer是動名詞短語作主語
（2）感嘆句本來應用陳述語序，在賓語從句中仍然用陳述語序。如：
What strange clothes he was wearing. 他穿的衣服多么怪異呀！
She said how nice it was of us to meet her at the airport. 她說我們到機場去接她真好。
（3）take chance意為“利用機會”、“碰碰運氣”、“冒險”。如：
We will take the chances. 我們要冒這個險。
He is taking a chance by driving his car so fast. 他把車開得這么快是在冒險。
There is a chance that... 有……的可能; by chance 偶然地；chance of a lifetime 千載難逢的良機；by some chance 不知為啥；leave things to chance 聽天由命, 聽其自然
（4）to the full意為“充分地”、“十足地”。如：
She certainly lives life to the full. 當然她的日子過得很充實。
25. 語法
虛擬語氣的三種句型是什么？
表示與現在事實相反的假設時,條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞用"過去式(be的過去式用were)",而主句中的謂語動詞用"would(should, could, might)+動詞原形."例如:
If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
表示與過去的事實相反的假設時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用"had +過去分詞",主句中的謂語動詞用"would(should, could, might)+have +過去分詞".例如:
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
表示與將來事實相反的假設時,條件從句和主句所用的謂語動詞懷"表示與現在事實相反的假設"的謂語動詞相同,或者條件從句中用"were to(should)+動詞原形".例如:
If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發生的時間不一致時,動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間來調整.例如:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (從句說的是過去,主句指的是現在.)
一、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的應用
1.情態動詞的過去式用于現在進行時，表示說話人謙虛，客氣，有禮貌或語氣委婉，常出現在日常生活中。如：
Would you be kind enough to open the door? 請您把門打開，好嗎？
2.用于一些習慣表達法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea? 你想喝杯茶嗎？I would rather not tell you. 我倒寧愿不告訴你。
3.用“may+動詞原形”表示“祝愿”，may 必須置于句首。如：
May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ May you succeed! 祝你成功！
二、虛擬語氣用于主語從句
在It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that...和It is desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)句型中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣結構用“should+動詞原形”的結構，表示驚奇，不相信，惋惜，理應如此等。如：
It is necessary that we should clean the room every day. 我們每天打掃房間是有必要的。
It will be suggested that she should finish her homework this afternoon. 建議她今天下午完成她的作業。
三、虛擬語氣用于賓語從句
1.“I wish+賓語從句”表示不能實現的愿望。如:
I wish you could go with us. 我倒希望你們和我們一起走。
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier. 我們倒希望早兩小時到那里。
2.動詞command, demand, insist, order, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)+動詞原形”。如：
I suggest that we (should) have a meeting. 我建議我們開個會。
We insist that they (should) go with us. 我們堅持要他們和我們一起走。
注意：只有當insist作“堅持(認為)”，“堅持(應該)”，suggest作“建議”解時，從句的動作發生在謂語之后，賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。當insist作“堅持”，suggest 作“暗示，表明”解時，賓語從句通常不用虛擬語氣。如：
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 邁克堅持說他沒有偷任何東西。
The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry. 他臉上的表情說明他很生氣。
四、虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句
advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞與表語從句和同位語從句連用，其謂語動詞一般要用虛擬語氣的結構“(should)+動詞原形”。例如：
We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我們同意他的建議，去北京觀光旅游。
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first. 我的看法是我們先做練習。
五、虛擬語氣用于定語從句
在It is (high) time (that)...句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式，或should+動詞原形(should不能省略，be 用were)來表示，意為“早該”。例如：
It is (high) time we left (should leave). 我們該離開了。
It is high time we went to bed. 我們該睡覺了。
六、虛擬語氣用于if only 引導的感嘆句中
If only I had taken his advice. 我要是聽他的話就好了。
If only I were a bird. 我如果是一只鳥就好了。
Unit 7 Living with disease 知識清單
Warming up
1. infect verb [vn] ~ sb/sth (______ sth) ______
It is not possible to infect another person through kissing. people infected with HIV
Mary's high spirits infected all the girls in the class.
All the tomato plants are infected with a virus.
Infected ______， infection n. ______； infectious adj. ______
an infected water supply______；to be exposed to infection ______ an ear / throat, etc. infection ______
2. by swimming _______________
相關詞組：by accident=by chance ______；by means of ______；by turns ______；by mistake ______；by no means ______
3. Live with ______；______
As a boy, he lived with his parents but now he has his own house.
I can’t change the situation so I’m going to have to learn to live with it.
相關詞組：live by ______ ；live on ______
4. get tested for HIV進行艾滋病毒檢測
get/be lost； get/be married； get/be separated； get/be injured
5. via a ______（through a place） We flew home via Dubai.
b ______（ by means of a particular person, system, etc）
I heard about the sale via Jane.
The news program came to us via satellite.
Reading
6. be born dying 天生快要死去
be born+adj/n be born a musician/a poet=a born musician/poet
Para 2
7．AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses. 艾滋病是一種破壞人的免疫系統，使人體對感染疾病沒有抵抗能力的疾病。
break down意為： a ______；b ______； c ______ d______；如：
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
The robbers broke the door down.
The peace talks are said to have broken down.
The car broke down halfway to the camp.
break的相關短語：
break the law ______ break out ______break into ______ break up ______
break the silence ______ break in ______break through______break away from ______
break up ______，break sth up ______
這里leave是使役動詞，意為“______”，后接______, ______, ______作賓語補足語。如： The window was left open. They went back home, leaving the work unfinished.
8. help (to)keep _________
相關詞組：can’t help doing _________…can’t help to do sth_________can’t help but do不_________; help sb with sth_________help oneself to sth_________…with the help of sb _________
9. living, alive, live, lively用法辨析：
①living表示“______”，指人或物，在句中作表語或______定語。如：
A living language should be learned orally. Shelly was still living when Keats died.
He's the living image of his father.
②alive多用作表語, ______定語或賓語補足語，多用于______，表示“______”。如：
Is she still alive?
They are the happiest children alive.
An enemy officer was caught alive.。
③live作形容詞時讀作[laiv], 只用于______，作______語，表示“______”、“______”。如： This is a live fish. It was a live broadcast, not a recording.
alive亦可表示“（傳統，習俗，機構）______”的意思。如：
It was your way of keeping your marriage alive.
(7)Ancient traditions are still very much alive in rural areas.
④lively讀作[laivli]，在句中作表語或定語，表示“______”。如：
He has lively imagination.
What lively colours!
He gave a lively description of the football game.
10. survive vi. ______ vt. ______
Para 3
11. People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV. 感染了HIV之后就會得愛滋病。
這里having been done 是動名詞被動式的完成式。表示的動作發生在謂語動詞所表示的動作______。如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society.
I apologize for having made such a terrible mistake. I regret not having told her the truth.
The man in the corner confessed to ____a lie to the manager of the company.
A have told B be told C being told D having told
12. 動詞contract的用法
▲動詞contract在本課中作“______”“ ______”“ ______”解釋。如：
He contracted an awful stomach complaint while he was traveling.
He contracted huge debts by buying luxuries he could not afford.
▲contract可作“______”解釋
The city council has contracted with White Company for the new library.
The builders have contracted for three new bridges this year.
▲contract的原意是“______”。如：
Iron contracts as it gets cooler. Our business has contracted a lot recently.
13. wish 引導的從句中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
一）、對現在情況的虛擬（與現在的事實相反）：
I wish I ______(know) the answer to the question.
I wish it ______(be ) spring in my hometown all the year around.
二）、對過去情況的虛擬（和過去的事實相反）：
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。
1. I wish I ______ so much time.我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。
2. He wishes he ______ the chance.他真希望沒有失去機會。
三）、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)：
從句動詞"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意：主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例：
1. I wish it would stop raining. 2. I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。
3. You wished she would arrive the next day 4. I wish she would change her mind.
四）、注意：如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
Para 4
14. lack一詞的用法
lack在本課中作名詞用，為________名詞，后面常跟介詞________。如：
Lack of rest made him tired. I’ve got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep.
Lack也可以作動詞用，意為“________”，
I lack words with which to express my thanks. What you lack is perseverance.
They lacked a clear understanding of the problems.
15. as with ________
As with the other production areas in the plant, safety and ecology are very important.
As with credit cards there is usually a 1.5% fee for obtaining cash, but no fee is added for purchases.
As with hiking, you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.
Para 5
16. available可用到的”“可利用的”、“有用的”、“接受探訪的”如：
Is the manager available? These tickets are available for one month.
I'm sorry, those overcoats are not available in your color and size.
Attention, please. These tickets are available on the day of issue only.
Nowadays there is a lot of information available on the internet.
Para 6
17. persuade vt. ________ （常與convince 換用， 不過persuade 的主要意思為“說服，勸說”； convince 主要意思是“使確信，信服”） 例如：
Try to persuade him to let us go with him.（persuade sb. to do sth.）
I allowed myself to be persuaded into entering the competition. （persuade sb into (doing ) sth）
It will be difficult to persuade them than there’s no other choice.（persuade sb that ）
Persuasion(n. ) , persuasive (adj. ________)
18. as if或as though引導的狀語從句
as if或as though引導方式狀語從句，意為“好像”，在這種狀語從句中，常用虛擬語氣，具體用法是：當從句所述的情況與現在事實相反時，動詞用________，與過去事實相反時，用________。如： (1)He looks as if he were a football player. (2)He talked about Paris as if he had been there.
(3)The room looks as if it had been empty for years. (4)It seem as if it were spring already.
(5)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. (6)He spoke to me as if he were an expert.
【注】as if(though)從句的動作發生在主句動作之后時，用would+動詞原形。如：
(7)It seems as if it would rain. 天似乎要下雨了。
Para 7
19. 注意這段中存在由that 引導的同位語從句和why 引導的定語從句
Integrating skills
Para 1
20. Two weeks ago, Dr Richards had asked me a great many questions and taken samples of my blood. 兩周前，Richards 醫生問我許多問題并抽取我的血樣。
a great(good) many相當于many，修飾名詞________數形式，意為“________”。如：
I have a great many things to do today.
After a great many loud explosions, the race began.
區別：(1) a great deal用作代詞或副詞，在句中作________語或________語。如：
A great deal has been said on this point.
They still need a great deal more money to finish the project.
(2) a good deal of修飾不可數名詞，意為“________”。如：
She spends a good deal of her time in Glasgow.
Para 4
21. On the contrary, I now feel as if that was when my life really began. 相反，我現在覺得好像那才是我的生命真正開始之時。
on the contrary意為“________”、“不是……而是”、“反之”。如：
- You must be tired. - On the contrary, I feel wide awake.
(1) contrary 用作形容詞，意為“________”、“________”、“格格不入的”。如：
Contrary to all advice he gave up his job and left for the south. Hot and cold are contrary terms.
Our sailing boat was delayed by contrary winds.
(2) contrary用作名詞，意為“________”、“反義詞”、“相反的事物”。如：
Cruelty is the contrary of kindness. He is neither tall nor the contrary.
22. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that I will never be completely free from it. 我體內的癌癥暫時被打敗了，但是我知道我永遠不會徹底擺脫它。
for the moment意為“________”，在句中作狀語。如：
Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment.
有關moment短語：
in a moment ________; for a moment________；at any moment________；at the last moment ________；at the moment ________；the moment ________
for the moment, for a moment, at the moment和in a moment 辨析
▲for the moment作“________”解釋。如：
Stop discussing for the moment, please.
We have to stay in the inn for the moment as the hotels around are full.
▲for a moment意為“________”。如：
For a moment I thought of playing truant. I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name.
▲at the moment,用于現在時中，意為“________”；用于過去時中，意為“________”。如：
I’m busy at the moment.
Our manager is having an interview with a newspaper reporter at the moment.
▲in a moment意為“________”。如：
You go first. I’ll come in a moment. It was done in a moment.
Don’t go away, the bus will start in a moment.
▲of the moment （人，工作，議題等）________
She is the fashion designer of the moment.
be free from 意為“________”。如：
The old lady is never free from pain. The secretary was free from all blame for the errors.
Free 意思很多，請看以下例句：
Please feel free to interrupt me if you don’t understand anything. (____________)
He gave me free access to his library. (____________)
The prisoner wished to be free again. (____________)
All the books were given away free. (____________)
Free of charge ____________
The doctor will be free in 20 minutes, can you wait that long?( ____________)
He’s free with his money. (____________)
用適當的介詞填空：
①Can you wait ____ a moment? ②I'm afraid she's not here ____ the moment.
③This organization is free ____ tax worldwide.
23. Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest. 癌癥使我認識到了生命的可貴，認識到了抓緊時間充實生活的重要性。
（1）Living with cancer是動名詞短語作________
（2）感嘆句本來應用陳述語序，在賓語從句中仍然用陳述語序。 如：
What strange clothes he was wearing. 他穿的衣服多么怪異呀！
She said how nice it was of us to meet her at the airport. 她說我們到機場去接她真好。
（3）take chance意為“________”。如：
We will take the chances. He is taking a chance by driving his car so fast.
There is a chance that... ________; by chance ________；chance of a lifetime ________；by some chance ________；leave things to chance ________
（4）to the full意為“________”。如：
She certainly lives life to the full.
24. 語法
虛擬語氣的三種句型是什么？
1. 表示與現在事實相反的假設時,條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞用"________",而主句中的謂語動詞用________"例如:
If I were you, I should study English. If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
表示與過去的事實相反的假設時,條件狀語從句的謂語動詞用"________",主句中的謂語動詞用"________".例如:
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.
表示與將來事實相反的假設時,條件從句和主句所用的謂語動詞懷"表示與現在事實相反的假設"的謂語動詞相同,或者條件從句中用"________".例如:
If you come tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發生的時間不一致時,動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間來調整.例如:
If you had worked hard, you would be very tired. (從句說的是過去,主句指的是現在.)
一、虛擬語氣在簡單句中的應用
1.情態動詞的過去式用于現在進行時，表示說話人謙虛，客氣，有禮貌或語氣委婉，常出現在日常生活中。如：
Would you be kind enough to open the door? 請您把門打開，好嗎？
2.用于一些習慣表達法中。如：
Would you like a cup of tea? 你想喝杯茶嗎？ I would rather not tell you. 我倒寧愿不告訴你。
3.用“may+動詞原形”表示“祝愿”，may 必須置于句首。如：
May you be happy! 祝你幸福！ May you succeed! 祝你成功！
二、虛擬語氣用于主語從句
在It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that...和It is desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)句型中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣結構用“should+動詞原形”的結構，表示驚奇，不相信，惋惜，理應如此等。如：
It is necessary that we should clean the room every day.
It will be suggested that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
三、虛擬語氣用于賓語從句
1.“I wish+賓語從句”表示不能實現的愿望。如:
I wish you could go with us. We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2.動詞command, demand, insist, order, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)+動詞原形”。如：
I suggest that we (should) have a meeting. We insist that they (should) go with us.
注意：只有當insist作“堅持(認為)”，“堅持(應該)”，suggest作“________”解時，從句的動作發生在謂語之后，賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。當insist作“________”，suggest 作“________”解時，賓語從句通常不用虛擬語氣。如：
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry.
四、虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句
advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞與表語從句和同位語從句連用，其謂語動詞一般要用虛擬語氣的結構“________”。例如：
We agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我們同意他的建議，去北京觀光旅游。
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first. 我的看法是我們先做練習。
五、虛擬語氣用于定語從句
在It is (high) time (that)...句型中，定語從句的謂語動詞用過去式，或should+動詞原形(should不能省略，be 用were)來表示，意為“早該”。例如：
It is (high) time we left (should leave). It is high time we went to bed.
六、虛擬語氣用于if only 引導的感嘆句中
If only I had taken his advice. If only I were a bird.